Institute of GI & Hepatobiliary Sciences

The GI centre is equipped with different types of endoscopes that are used for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Upper endoscopy is currently one of the most frequently performed procedures. The GI team works on technology that combines diagnosis and therapy in endoscopy which makes it more accurate and efficient over other technologies that address only imaging (eg, x-ray contrast studies, CT, MRI).

ERCP is well-proven process for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic diseases and has yielded successful outcomes. Performed under sedation, ERCP involves an advanced endoscope, called a duodenoscope, and flexible instruments are inserted into the bile or pancreatic ducts for diagnosis and treatment. We use ERCP to treat and derive successful outcomes in cases of gallstone pancreatitis and complicated acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Linear endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become established as a key diagnostic and therapeutic tool in pancreatic-biliary medicine for many years. EUSis used in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic and biliary masses, the diagnosis of unexplained dilatation of the bile and pancreatic ducts and the diagnosis of pancreatic cysts. Advanced Interventional EUS has developed rapidly and is now the most commonly.

Obesity is the excess accumulation of fat in the body that may impair your health. As of today India ranks 3rd highest in obese population and also the world capital for diabetic patients and the progression is alarming. Hence there is a need to address obesity and diabetes which together becomes the important part of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome needs to be managed timely before it leads to health related risk and affects quality of life.

Are you Obese or Overweight?

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most commonly used tool to classify the level of obesity in an individual, which is the ratio of weight square of the height of that person. An individual with BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.

BMI = (weight in kg)2/Height in cm

Other important parameters include waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and body composition analysis. Body composition analysis measures the lean and fat mass as well as its distribution in the body.

What leads to obesity?

Primarily, its the consumption of more calorie and burning of lesser calories that lead to accumulation or storage of excess energy as fat in the body. The diseases also have other factors as well

• Behavioural causes includes consumption of unhealthy food choices like high sugar, high fat, and low fiber based diets and also lower physical activity in terms of exercise.


• Obesogenic (Obesity) causes includes sedentary lifestyle and technological advancement.


• Genetic and medical conditions like hypothyroid, diabetes, polycystic ovary disease (PCOD), cushing syndrome, intake of antidepressant or steroids are well known to cause obesity.

What are the health risk I might face, if I am Obese?

With increases body weight causing obesity leads to multiple health related problems

How can i reduce my weight and maintain my healthy weight?

• Management of obesity or overweight has to be an individual approach which would require motivation and guidance from professionals. A detailed investigation is required to make secondary causes of obesity.


• Lifestyle Modification which includes dietary modification, exercise regime and behavioural modification works effectively with a review of patient medical condition.


• Obese individual who do not responds to above treatment approach would require active intervention in terms of bariatric or metabolic surgery which not only helps to reduce weight but also improves or cure the medical conditions secondary to obesity.

Bariatric or Metabolic Surgery

The procedure leads to reduction in the size of stomach and alteration in gastrointestinal tract. The patient can experience an excess weight loss of about 70% which not only help to rebuild your self esteem and confidence but also improve ort cure the underlying medical conditions in good proportion of patients. The following procedures are done commonly to address the obesity:

• Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy


• Laparoscopic Rou-en-Y Gastric Bypass


• Laparoscopic Mini Gastric Bypass

The selection of case is according to the merit of the patient. These procedure leads to resolution of other metabolic complications like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Joint problems due to excess weight, sleep apnea etc

Health benefits of bariatric and metabolic surgery

• Evidence showed that a 10% reduction in weight reduced the risk of developing heart disease by 20%.


• Bariatric and metabolic surgery is the most effective treatment to date, resulting in sustainable and significant weight loss along with resolution of weight-related health conditions in up to 80% of people.


• Bariatric surgery has been shown to resolve diabetes, sleep apnea, joint pain, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

Significant improvement with type 2 diabetes

• At least 3 times more surgery patients achieved normal blood sugar levels than intensive medical therapy patients.


• Approximately 42% of gastric bypass, 36.7% of sleeve gastrectomy, and 12.2% of medical therapy patients achieved HbA1c < 6.0%.


• Bariatric surgery significantly reduced the need for diabetes medications and eliminated the need in more than 50% of patients.

Esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) and stomach (organ that stored the ingested food) surgery are procedures that involve removing or repairing parts of the esophagus or the stomach. These surgeries are done to treat various conditions, such as:

• Esophageal cancer:

  A malignant tumor that grows in the lining of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer can cause difficulty in swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and bleeding. Treatment id multidisciplinary with surgery is the main arm for esophageal cancer and involves removing all or part of the esophagus and replacing it with another organ, usually the stomach or the large intestine called colon.



• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):

  A chronic condition that occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, coughing, and hoarseness of voice. GERD can damage the lining of the esophagus and increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Surgery for GERD may involve tightening the lower esophageal sphincter (the valve that prevents acid reflux) by laparoscopic fundoplication or antireflux surgery.



• Esophageal motility dsorder:

  A disorder that affects the movement of the esophagus, causing difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and regurgitation. Esophageal dysmotility can be caused by various factors, such as nerve damage, inflammation, or scarring. Surgery for esophageal dysmotility may involve removing part of the esophagus or relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter by laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy.



• Stomach cancer:

  A malignant tumor that grows in lining of stomach causing vomiting, weight loss, bleeding. Treatment is multidisciplinary being surgery is the mainstay of treatment which involves removal of either part or total stomach with reconstruction of the continuity.

Esophageal and gastric surgery are major operations that require skilled professionals that take care of your pre-opoerative preparation and recovery. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of each procedure and help you decide if surgery is right for you.

Your doctor will give you detailed instructions on how to care for yourself after surgery and when to schedule follow-up appointments. Esophageal and gastric surgery can improve your quality of life by relieving your symptoms and curing serious diseases. Therefore, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of each procedure and discuss them with your doctor before making a decision.

If you have any questions or concerns about esophageal and gastric surgery, please contact our expert doctors.

Hepatobiliary surgery is a specialized area of surgical gastroenterology that deals with diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These organs are part of the biliary system, which produces and transports bile, a fluid that helps digest food. Hepatobiliary surgery can be used to treat various conditions, such as:

• Liver cancer:

  A malignant tumor that originates in the liver cells or spreads from other parts of the body. Liver cancer can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and ascites. Surgery is one of the main treatments for liver cancer and involves removing part of liver (hepatectomy) or destroying the tumor with heat, cold, or radiation (ablation).



• Liver Hydatid disease:

  It is a cystic disease of liver caused by ingestion of food contaminated with a parasite called Echinococcus tapeworm. Hydatid cyst can cause symptoms such as pain abdomen, jaundice, fever, rupture leading to life threatening septicemia. Medical treatment helps to control the infectivity whereas surgery including laparoscopic deroofing of cyst, cystectomy, segmental hepatectomy help to cure the disease.



• Gallstones:

  Solid deposits of cholesterol or bile salts that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Gallstones can cause symptoms such as pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever or life threatening complication like jaundice or pancreatitis. Surgery is the most common treatment for gallstones and involves removing the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) performed by laparoscopy.



• Bile duct injuries:

  Damage to the bile ducts caused by trauma, infection, inflammation, or surgery. Bile duct injuries can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, and cholangitis. Surgery is the main treatment for bile duct injuries and required highly skilled surgical gastroenterologist and involves repairing or reconstructing the bile ducts.

Hepatobiliary surgery are complex operations that require skilled surgical gastroenterologist, careful preparation and recovery. Hepatobiliary surgery can improve your quality of life by relieving your symptoms and curing the disease. Therefore, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of each procedure and discuss them with your doctor before making a decision. If you have any questions or concerns about hepato-biliary surgery, please contact our expert doctors.

Pancreatic surgery is a procedure that involves removing or repairing parts of the pancreas, a gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. Pancreatic surgery is done to treat various conditions, such as:

• Pancreatic cancer:

  A malignant tumor that grows in the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and diabetes. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for pancreatic cancer and involves removing part (distal pancreatectomy) or all of the pancreas (pancreatectomy) along with other nearby organs such as the spleen, stomach, or bile duct (Whipple procedure).



• Pancreatitis:

  A condition that occurs when the pancreas becomes inflamed (acute pancreatitis) and damaged (chronic pancreatitis). Pancreatitis can cause symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and fever. Surgical procedure for acute pancreatitis may involve draining fluid or pus from the pancreas, removing dead or infected tissue from the pancreas (necrosectomy) whereas for chronic pancreatitis includes LPJ (lateral pancreato-jejunostomy), Frey’s procedure etc



• Pancreatic cysts:

  Fluid-filled sacs that form in the pancreas. Pancreatic cysts can be benign (pseudocyst) or malignant (cystic neoplasm) and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, or infection. Surgery for pancreatic cysts may involve draining or removing the cysts from the pancreas.



• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors:

  Rare tumors that arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These tumors can cause symptoms such as low blood sugar, high blood pressure, diarrhea, or flushing. Surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may involve removing part or all of the pancreas (pancreatectomy) or destroying the tumor with heat, cold, or radiation (ablation).

Pancreatic surgery is a complex operation that requires careful preparation and recovery. Your doctor will give you detailed instructions on how to care for yourself after surgery and when to schedule follow-up appointments.

Pancreatic surgery can improve your quality of life by relieving your symptoms and curing the disease. If you have any questions or concerns about pancreatic surgery, please contact our expert doctors.

GI cancer surgery is a procedure that involves removing or repairing parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These organs are involved in digestion and metabolism and can be affected by various types of cancers. GI cancer surgery is done to treat these cancers by removing the tumor and any nearby lymph nodes or organs that may be involved.

The type of GI cancer surgery you may need depends on several factors, such as:

• The location and stage of your cancer
• The size and shape of your tumor
• The function and health of your affected organ
• Your overall health and personal preferences

Some of the common types of GI cancer surgery are:

• Esophagectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the esophagus, usually for esophageal cancer. The remaining esophagus is reconnected to the stomach or another organ to allow swallowing1.



• Gastrectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the stomach, usually for stomach cancer. The remaining stomach is reconnected to the esophagus or the small intestine to allow digestion2.



• Colectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the colon (large intestine), usually for colon cancer. The remaining colon is reconnected to the rectum or a stoma (an opening on the abdomen) to allow bowel movements3.



• Proctectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the rectum (the lower end of the large intestine), usually for rectal cancer. The remaining rectum is reconnected to the anus or a stoma to allow bowel movements4.



• Hepatectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the liver, usually for liver cancer. The remaining liver can regenerate and perform its functions.



• Pancreatectomy:

  Removal of part or all of the pancreas, usually for pancreatic cancer. The remaining pancreas can produce digestive enzymes and hormones.



• Radical Cholecystectomy:

  Removal of the gallbladder along with part of liver and surrounding nodes done for gallbladder cancer. The bile ducts can still transport bile from the liver to the small intestine.



• Bile duct surgery:

  Removal or repair of the bile ducts, which are tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. This may be done for bile duct cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma).

GI cancer surgery is a major operation that requires careful preparation and recovery. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of each procedure and help you decide if surgery is right for you.

If you have any questions or concerns about GI cancer surgery, please contact our expert doctors.

Colorectal surgery is a procedure that involves removing or repairing parts of the colon, rectum, or anus. These organs are part of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which helps in digestion and elimination of waste. Colorectal surgery is done to treat various conditions that affect the colon, rectum, or anus, such as:

• Colorectal cancer:

  A malignant tumor that grows in the lining of the colon or rectum. Colorectal cancer can cause symptoms such as bleeding, change in bowel habits, abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer and involves removing the tumor and any nearby lymph nodes or organs that may be involved1.



• Diverticular disease:

  A condition that occurs when small pouches (diverticula) form in the wall of the colon. Diverticular disease can cause symptoms such as pain, bleeding, infection, or obstruction. Surgery for diverticular disease may involve removing the affected part of the colon (colectomy) or draining an abscess (percutaneous drainage).



• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD:

  A group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation and ulcers in the large intestine (colon or rectum). IBD includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, bleeding, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. Surgery for IBD may involve removing part or all of the colon or rectum (colectomy or proctectomy) with creation of ileal reservoir or pouch (IPAA-Ilial Pouch Anal Anastomosis) or creating an opening on the abdomen for waste to exit (stoma).



• Hemorrhoids:

  Swollen veins in the lower part of the rectum or anus. Hemorrhoids can cause symptoms such as itching, pain, bleeding, or prolapse. Surgery for hemorrhoids may involve removing the hemorrhoids (hemorrhoidectomy) with either laser or stapled techniques.



• Fecal incontinence:

  A condition that occurs when you lose control over your bowel movements. Fecal incontinence can be caused by various factors, such as nerve damage, muscle weakness, diarrhea, constipation, or childbirth. Surgery for fecal incontinence may involve repairing the sphincter muscles (sphincteroplasty), implanting a device to stimulate the nerves (sacral nerve stimulation), or creating a new reservoir for stool (colonic pouch)5.

Colorectal surgery is a major operation that requires careful preparation and recovery. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of each procedure and help you decide if surgery is right for you. You will need to undergo various tests before surgery, such as blood tests, imaging tests, colonoscopy, or biopsy. You will also need to follow certain instructions regarding your diet, medications, and smoking habits.

Colorectal surgery can improve your quality of life by relieving your symptoms and curing or preventing serious disease. Therefore, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of each procedure and discuss them with your doctor before making a decision. If you have any questions or concerns about colorectal surgery, please contact our expert doctors.